Passing variables, creating instances, self, The mechanics and usage of classes: need explanation
Question:
I just rewrote a working program into functions in a class and everything messed up.
First, in the __init__ section of the class I declared a bunch of variables with self.variable=something.
Should I be able to access/modify these variables in every function of the class by using self.variable in that function? In other words, by declaring self.variable I have made these variables, global variables in the scope of the class right?
If not, how do I handle self?
Second, how do I correctly pass arguments to the class?
Third, how do I call a function of the class outside of the class scope?
Fouth, how do I create an Instance of the class INITIALCLASS in another class OTHERCLASS, passing variables from OTHERCLASS to INITIALCLASS?
I want to call a function from OTHERCLASS with arguments from INITIALCLASS. What I’ve done so far is.
class OTHERCLASS():
def __init__(self,variable1,variable2,variable3):
self.variable1=variable1
self.variable2=variable2
self.variable3=variable3
def someotherfunction(self):
something=somecode(using self.variable3)
self.variable2.append(something)
print self.variable2
def somemorefunctions(self):
self.variable2.append(variable1)
class INITIALCLASS():
def __init__(self):
self.variable1=value1
self.variable2=[]
self.variable3=''
self.DoIt=OTHERCLASS(variable1,variable2,variable3)
def somefunction(self):
variable3=Somecode
#tried this
self.DoIt.someotherfunctions()
#and this
DoIt.someotherfunctions()
I clearly didn’t understand how to pass variables to classes or how to handle self, when to use it and when not. I probably also didn’t understand how to properly create an instance of a class. In general I didn’t understand the mechanics of classes so please help me and explain it to me like I have no idea (which I don’t, it seems). Or point me to a thorough video, or readable tutorial.
All I find on the web is super simple examples, that didn’t help me much. Or just very short definitions of classes and class methods instances etc.
I can send you my original code if you guys want, but its quite long.
Answers:
class Foo (object):
# ^class name #^ inherits from object
bar = "Bar" #Class attribute.
def __init__(self):
# #^ The first variable is the class instance in methods.
# # This is called "self" by convention, but could be any name you want.
#^ double underscore (dunder) methods are usually special. This one
# gets called immediately after a new instance is created.
self.variable = "Foo" #instance attribute.
print self.variable, self.bar #<---self.bar references class attribute
self.bar = " Bar is now Baz" #<---self.bar is now an instance attribute
print self.variable, self.bar
def method(self, arg1, arg2):
#This method has arguments. You would call it like this: instance.method(1, 2)
print "in method (args):", arg1, arg2
print "in method (attributes):", self.variable, self.bar
a = Foo() # this calls __init__ (indirectly), output:
# Foo bar
# Foo Bar is now Baz
print a.variable # Foo
a.variable = "bar"
a.method(1, 2) # output:
# in method (args): 1 2
# in method (attributes): bar Bar is now Baz
Foo.method(a, 1, 2) #<--- Same as a.method(1, 2). This makes it a little more explicit what the argument "self" actually is.
class Bar(object):
def __init__(self, arg):
self.arg = arg
self.Foo = Foo()
b = Bar(a)
b.arg.variable = "something"
print a.variable # something
print b.Foo.variable # Foo
The whole point of a class is that you create an instance, and that instance encapsulates a set of data. So it’s wrong to say that your variables are global within the scope of the class: say rather that an instance holds attributes, and that instance can refer to its own attributes in any of its code (via self.whatever). Similarly, any other code given an instance can use that instance to access the instance’s attributes – ie instance.whatever.
So here is a simple example of how to use classes:
Suppose you are a finance institute. You want your customer’s accounts to be managed by a computer. So you need to model those accounts. That is where classes come in. Working with classes is called object oriented programming. With classes you model real world objects in your computer. So, what do we need to model a simple bank account? We need a variable that saves the balance and one that saves the customers name. Additionally, some methods to in- and decrease the balance. That could look like:
class bankaccount():
def __init__(self, name, money):
self.name = name
self.money = money
def earn_money(self, amount):
self.money += amount
def withdraw_money(self, amount):
self.money -= amount
def show_balance(self):
print self.money
Now you have an abstract model of a simple account and its mechanism.
The def __init__(self, name, money) is the classes’ constructor. It builds up the object in memory. If you now want to open a new account you have to make an instance of your class. In order to do that, you have to call the constructor and pass the needed parameters. In Python a constructor is called by the classes’s name:
spidermans_account = bankaccount("SpiderMan", 1000)
If Spiderman wants to buy M.J. a new ring he has to withdraw some money. He would call the withdraw method on his account:
spidermans_account.withdraw_money(100)
If he wants to see the balance he calls:
spidermans_account.show_balance()
The whole thing about classes is to model objects, their attributes and mechanisms. To create an object, instantiate it like in the example. Values are passed to classes with getter and setter methods like `earn_money()ยด. Those methods access your objects variables. If you want your class to store another object you have to define a variable for that object in the constructor.
I just rewrote a working program into functions in a class and everything messed up.
First, in the __init__ section of the class I declared a bunch of variables with self.variable=something.
Should I be able to access/modify these variables in every function of the class by using self.variable in that function? In other words, by declaring self.variable I have made these variables, global variables in the scope of the class right?
If not, how do I handle self?
Second, how do I correctly pass arguments to the class?
Third, how do I call a function of the class outside of the class scope?
Fouth, how do I create an Instance of the class INITIALCLASS in another class OTHERCLASS, passing variables from OTHERCLASS to INITIALCLASS?
I want to call a function from OTHERCLASS with arguments from INITIALCLASS. What I’ve done so far is.
class OTHERCLASS():
def __init__(self,variable1,variable2,variable3):
self.variable1=variable1
self.variable2=variable2
self.variable3=variable3
def someotherfunction(self):
something=somecode(using self.variable3)
self.variable2.append(something)
print self.variable2
def somemorefunctions(self):
self.variable2.append(variable1)
class INITIALCLASS():
def __init__(self):
self.variable1=value1
self.variable2=[]
self.variable3=''
self.DoIt=OTHERCLASS(variable1,variable2,variable3)
def somefunction(self):
variable3=Somecode
#tried this
self.DoIt.someotherfunctions()
#and this
DoIt.someotherfunctions()
I clearly didn’t understand how to pass variables to classes or how to handle self, when to use it and when not. I probably also didn’t understand how to properly create an instance of a class. In general I didn’t understand the mechanics of classes so please help me and explain it to me like I have no idea (which I don’t, it seems). Or point me to a thorough video, or readable tutorial.
All I find on the web is super simple examples, that didn’t help me much. Or just very short definitions of classes and class methods instances etc.
I can send you my original code if you guys want, but its quite long.
class Foo (object):
# ^class name #^ inherits from object
bar = "Bar" #Class attribute.
def __init__(self):
# #^ The first variable is the class instance in methods.
# # This is called "self" by convention, but could be any name you want.
#^ double underscore (dunder) methods are usually special. This one
# gets called immediately after a new instance is created.
self.variable = "Foo" #instance attribute.
print self.variable, self.bar #<---self.bar references class attribute
self.bar = " Bar is now Baz" #<---self.bar is now an instance attribute
print self.variable, self.bar
def method(self, arg1, arg2):
#This method has arguments. You would call it like this: instance.method(1, 2)
print "in method (args):", arg1, arg2
print "in method (attributes):", self.variable, self.bar
a = Foo() # this calls __init__ (indirectly), output:
# Foo bar
# Foo Bar is now Baz
print a.variable # Foo
a.variable = "bar"
a.method(1, 2) # output:
# in method (args): 1 2
# in method (attributes): bar Bar is now Baz
Foo.method(a, 1, 2) #<--- Same as a.method(1, 2). This makes it a little more explicit what the argument "self" actually is.
class Bar(object):
def __init__(self, arg):
self.arg = arg
self.Foo = Foo()
b = Bar(a)
b.arg.variable = "something"
print a.variable # something
print b.Foo.variable # Foo
The whole point of a class is that you create an instance, and that instance encapsulates a set of data. So it’s wrong to say that your variables are global within the scope of the class: say rather that an instance holds attributes, and that instance can refer to its own attributes in any of its code (via self.whatever). Similarly, any other code given an instance can use that instance to access the instance’s attributes – ie instance.whatever.
So here is a simple example of how to use classes:
Suppose you are a finance institute. You want your customer’s accounts to be managed by a computer. So you need to model those accounts. That is where classes come in. Working with classes is called object oriented programming. With classes you model real world objects in your computer. So, what do we need to model a simple bank account? We need a variable that saves the balance and one that saves the customers name. Additionally, some methods to in- and decrease the balance. That could look like:
class bankaccount():
def __init__(self, name, money):
self.name = name
self.money = money
def earn_money(self, amount):
self.money += amount
def withdraw_money(self, amount):
self.money -= amount
def show_balance(self):
print self.money
Now you have an abstract model of a simple account and its mechanism.
The def __init__(self, name, money) is the classes’ constructor. It builds up the object in memory. If you now want to open a new account you have to make an instance of your class. In order to do that, you have to call the constructor and pass the needed parameters. In Python a constructor is called by the classes’s name:
spidermans_account = bankaccount("SpiderMan", 1000)
If Spiderman wants to buy M.J. a new ring he has to withdraw some money. He would call the withdraw method on his account:
spidermans_account.withdraw_money(100)
If he wants to see the balance he calls:
spidermans_account.show_balance()
The whole thing about classes is to model objects, their attributes and mechanisms. To create an object, instantiate it like in the example. Values are passed to classes with getter and setter methods like `earn_money()ยด. Those methods access your objects variables. If you want your class to store another object you have to define a variable for that object in the constructor.