Python string formatting: is '%' more efficient than 'format' function?

I wanted to compare different to build a string in Python from different variables:

• using + to concatenate (referred to as ‘plus’)
• using %
• using "".join(list)
• using format function
• using "{0.<attribute>}".format(object)

I compared for 3 types of scenari

• string with 2 variables
• string with 4 variables
• string with 4 variables, each used twice

I measured 1 million operations of each time and performed an average over 6 measures. I came up with the following timings:

           test_plus:   0.29480
        test_percent:   0.47540
           test_join:   0.56240
         test_format:   0.72760
        test_formatC:   0.90000
      test_plus_long:   0.50520
   test_percent_long:   0.58660
      test_join_long:   0.64540
    test_format_long:   1.03400
   test_formatC_long:   1.28020
     test_plus_long2:   0.95220
  test_percent_long2:   0.81580
     test_join_long2:   0.88400
   test_format_long2:   1.51500
  test_formatC_long2:   1.97160

In each scenario, I came up with the following conclusion

• Concatenation seems to be one of the fastest method
• Formatting using % is much faster than formatting with format function

I believe format is much better than % (e.g. in this question) and % was almost deprecated.

I have therefore several questions:

1. Is % really faster than format?
2. If so, why is that?
3. Why is "{} {}".format(var1, var2) more efficient than "{0.attribute1} {0.attribute2}".format(object)?

---

For reference, I used the following code to measure the different timings.

import time
def timing(f, n, show, *args):
    if show: print f.__name__ + ":t",
    r = range(n/10)
    t1 = time.clock()
    for i in r:
        f(*args); f(*args); f(*args); f(*args); f(*args); f(*args); f(*args); f(*args); f(*args); f(*args)
    t2 = time.clock()
    timing = round(t2-t1, 3)
    if show: print timing
    return timing
    

class values(object):
    def __init__(self, a, b, c="", d=""):
        self.a = a
        self.b = b
        self.c = c
        self.d = d

    
def test_plus(a, b):
    return a + "-" + b

def test_percent(a, b):
    return "%s-%s" % (a, b)

def test_join(a, b):
    return ''.join([a, '-', b])
        
def test_format(a, b):
    return "{}-{}".format(a, b)

def test_formatC(val):
    return "{0.a}-{0.b}".format(val)

    
def test_plus_long(a, b, c, d):
    return a + "-" + b + "-" + c + "-" + d

def test_percent_long(a, b, c, d):
    return "%s-%s-%s-%s" % (a, b, c, d)
        
def test_join_long(a, b, c, d):
    return ''.join([a, '-', b, '-', c, '-', d])
    
def test_format_long(a, b, c, d):
    return "{0}-{1}-{2}-{3}".format(a, b, c, d)

def test_formatC_long(val):
    return "{0.a}-{0.b}-{0.c}-{0.d}".format(val)

    
def test_plus_long2(a, b, c, d):
    return a + "-" + b + "-" + c + "-" + d + "-" + a + "-" + b + "-" + c + "-" + d

def test_percent_long2(a, b, c, d):
    return "%s-%s-%s-%s-%s-%s-%s-%s" % (a, b, c, d, a, b, c, d)
    
def test_join_long2(a, b, c, d):
    return ''.join([a, '-', b, '-', c, '-', d, '-', a, '-', b, '-', c, '-', d])
            
def test_format_long2(a, b, c, d):
    return "{0}-{1}-{2}-{3}-{0}-{1}-{2}-{3}".format(a, b, c, d)

def test_formatC_long2(val):
    return "{0.a}-{0.b}-{0.c}-{0.d}-{0.a}-{0.b}-{0.c}-{0.d}".format(val)


def test_plus_superlong(lst):
    string = ""
    for i in lst:
        string += str(i)
    return string
    

def test_join_superlong(lst):
    return "".join([str(i) for i in lst])
    

def mean(numbers):
    return float(sum(numbers)) / max(len(numbers), 1)
        

nb_times = int(1e6)
n = xrange(5)
lst_numbers = xrange(1000)
from collections import defaultdict
metrics = defaultdict(list)
list_functions = [
    test_plus, test_percent, test_join, test_format, test_formatC,
    test_plus_long, test_percent_long, test_join_long, test_format_long, test_formatC_long,
    test_plus_long2, test_percent_long2, test_join_long2, test_format_long2, test_formatC_long2,
    # test_plus_superlong, test_join_superlong,
]
val = values("123", "456", "789", "0ab")
for i in n:
    for f in list_functions:
        print ".",
        name = f.__name__
        if "formatC" in name:
            t = timing(f, nb_times, False, val)
        elif '_long' in name:
            t = timing(f, nb_times, False, "123", "456", "789", "0ab")
        elif '_superlong' in name:
            t = timing(f, nb_times, False, lst_numbers)
        else:
            t = timing(f, nb_times, False, "123", "456")
        metrics[name].append(t) 

# Get Average
print "n===AVERAGE OF TIMINGS==="
for f in list_functions:
    name = f.__name__
    timings = metrics[name]
    print "{:>20}:t{:0.5f}".format(name, mean(timings))