PyTorch reshape tensor dimension
Question:
I want to reshape a vector of shape (5,) into a matrix of shape (1, 5).
With numpy, I can do:
>>> import numpy as np
>>> a = np.array([1, 2, 3, 4, 5])
>>> a.shape
(5,)
>>> a = np.reshape(a, (1, 5))
>>> a.shape
(1, 5)
>>> a
array([[1, 2, 3, 4, 5]])
But how do I do this with PyTorch?
Answers:
you might use
a.view(1,5)
Out:
1 2 3 4 5
[torch.FloatTensor of size 1x5]
Use torch.unsqueeze(input, dim, out=None):
>>> import torch
>>> a = torch.Tensor([1, 2, 3, 4, 5])
>>> a
1
2
3
4
5
[torch.FloatTensor of size 5]
>>> a = a.unsqueeze(0)
>>> a
1 2 3 4 5
[torch.FloatTensor of size 1x5]
or you can use this, the ‘-1’ means you don’t have to specify the number of the elements.
In [3]: a.view(1,-1)
Out[3]:
1 2 3 4 5
[torch.FloatTensor of size 1x5]
This question has been thoroughly answered already, but I want to add for the less experienced python developers that you might find the * operator helpful in conjunction with view().
For example if you have a particular tensor size that you want a different tensor of data to conform to, you might try:
img = Variable(tensor.randn(20,30,3)) # tensor with goal shape
flat_size = 20*30*3
X = Variable(tensor.randn(50, flat_size)) # data tensor
X = X.view(-1, *img.size()) # sweet maneuver
print(X.size()) # size is (50, 20, 30, 3)
This works with numpy shape too:
img = np.random.randn(20,30,3)
flat_size = 20*30*3
X = Variable(tensor.randn(50, flat_size))
X = X.view(-1, *img.shape)
print(X.size()) # size is (50, 20, 30, 3)
For in-place modification of the shape of the tensor, you should use
tensor.resize_():
In [23]: a = torch.Tensor([1, 2, 3, 4, 5])
In [24]: a.shape
Out[24]: torch.Size([5])
# tensor.resize_((`new_shape`))
In [25]: a.resize_((1,5))
Out[25]:
1 2 3 4 5
[torch.FloatTensor of size 1x5]
In [26]: a.shape
Out[26]: torch.Size([1, 5])
In PyTorch, if there’s an underscore at the end of an operation (like tensor.resize_()) then that operation does in-place modification to the original tensor.
Also, you can simply use np.newaxis in a torch Tensor to increase the dimension. Here is an example:
In [34]: list_ = range(5)
In [35]: a = torch.Tensor(list_)
In [36]: a.shape
Out[36]: torch.Size([5])
In [37]: new_a = a[np.newaxis, :]
In [38]: new_a.shape
Out[38]: torch.Size([1, 5])
import torch
>>>a = torch.Tensor([1,2,3,4,5])
>>>a.size()
torch.Size([5])
#use view to reshape
>>>b = a.view(1,a.shape[0])
>>>b
tensor([[1., 2., 3., 4., 5.]])
>>>b.size()
torch.Size([1, 5])
>>>b.type()
'torch.FloatTensor'
Assume the following code:
import torch
import numpy as np
a = torch.tensor([1, 2, 3, 4, 5])
The following three calls have the exact same effect:
res_1 = a.unsqueeze(0)
res_2 = a.view(1, 5)
res_3 = a[np.newaxis,:]
res_1.shape == res_2.shape == res_3.shape == (1,5) # Returns true
Notice that for any of the resulting tensors, if you modify the data in them, you are also modifying the data in a, because they don’t have a copy of the data, but reference the original data in a.
res_1[0,0] = 2
a[0] == res_1[0,0] == 2 # Returns true
The other way of doing it would be using the resize_ in place operation:
a.shape == res_1.shape # Returns false
a.reshape_((1, 5))
a.shape == res_1.shape # Returns true
Be careful of using resize_ or other in-place operation with autograd. See the following discussion: https://pytorch.org/docs/stable/notes/autograd.html#in-place-operations-with-autograd
There are multiple ways of reshaping a PyTorch tensor. You can apply these methods on a tensor of any dimensionality.
Let’s start with a 2-dimensional 2 x 3 tensor:
x = torch.Tensor(2, 3)
print(x.shape)
# torch.Size([2, 3])
To add some robustness to this problem, let’s reshape the 2 x 3 tensor by adding a new dimension at the front and another dimension in the middle, producing a 1 x 2 x 1 x 3 tensor.
Approach 1: add dimension with None
Use NumPy-style insertion of None (aka np.newaxis) to add dimensions anywhere you want. See here.
print(x.shape)
# torch.Size([2, 3])
y = x[None, :, None, :] # Add new dimensions at positions 0 and 2.
print(y.shape)
# torch.Size([1, 2, 1, 3])
Approach 2: unsqueeze
Use torch.Tensor.unsqueeze(i) (a.k.a. torch.unsqueeze(tensor, i) or the in-place version unsqueeze_()) to add a new dimension at the i’th dimension. The returned tensor shares the same data as the original tensor. In this example, we can use unqueeze() twice to add the two new dimensions.
print(x.shape)
# torch.Size([2, 3])
# Use unsqueeze twice.
y = x.unsqueeze(0) # Add new dimension at position 0
print(y.shape)
# torch.Size([1, 2, 3])
y = y.unsqueeze(2) # Add new dimension at position 2
print(y.shape)
# torch.Size([1, 2, 1, 3])
In practice with PyTorch, adding an extra dimension for the batch may be important, so you may often see unsqueeze(0).
Approach 3: view
Use torch.Tensor.view(*shape) to specify all the dimensions. The returned tensor shares the same data as the original tensor.
print(x.shape)
# torch.Size([2, 3])
y = x.view(1, 2, 1, 3)
print(y.shape)
# torch.Size([1, 2, 1, 3])
Approach 4: reshape
Use torch.Tensor.reshape(*shape) (aka torch.reshape(tensor, shapetuple)) to specify all the dimensions. If the original data is contiguous and has the same stride, the returned tensor will be a view of input (sharing the same data), otherwise it will be a copy. This function is similar to the NumPy reshape() function in that it lets you define all the dimensions and can return either a view or a copy.
print(x.shape)
# torch.Size([2, 3])
y = x.reshape(1, 2, 1, 3)
print(y.shape)
# torch.Size([1, 2, 1, 3])
Furthermore, from the O’Reilly 2019 book Programming PyTorch for Deep Learning, the author writes:
Now you might wonder what the difference is between view() and reshape(). The answer is that view() operates as a view on the original tensor, so if the underlying data is changed, the view will change too (and vice versa). However, view() can throw errors if the required view is not contiguous; that is, it doesn’t share the same block of memory it would occupy if a new tensor of the required shape was created from scratch. If this happens, you have to call tensor.contiguous() before you can use view(). However, reshape() does all that behind the scenes, so in general, I recommend using reshape() rather than view().
Approach 5: resize_
Use the in-place function torch.Tensor.resize_(*sizes) to modify the original tensor. The documentation states:
WARNING. This is a low-level method. The storage is reinterpreted as C-contiguous, ignoring the current strides (unless the target size equals the current size, in which case the tensor is left unchanged). For most purposes, you will instead want to use view(), which checks for contiguity, or reshape(), which copies data if needed. To change the size in-place with custom strides, see set_().
print(x.shape)
# torch.Size([2, 3])
x.resize_(1, 2, 1, 3)
print(x.shape)
# torch.Size([1, 2, 1, 3])
My observations
If you want to add just one dimension (e.g. to add a 0th dimension for the batch), then use unsqueeze(0). If you want to totally change the dimensionality, use reshape().
See also:
What’s the difference between reshape and view in pytorch?
What is the difference between view() and unsqueeze()?
In PyTorch 0.4, is it recommended to use reshape than view when it is possible?
import torch
t = torch.ones((2, 3, 4))
t.size()
>>torch.Size([2, 3, 4])
a = t.view(-1,t.size()[1]*t.size()[2])
a.size()
>>torch.Size([2, 12])
torch.reshape() is made to dupe the numpy reshape method.
It came after the view() and torch.resize_() and it is inside the dir(torch) package.
import torch
x=torch.arange(24)
print(x, x.shape)
x_view = x.view(1,2,3,4) # works on is_contiguous() tensor
print(x_view.shape)
x_reshaped = x.reshape(1,2,3,4) # works on any tensor
print(x_reshaped.shape)
x_reshaped2 = torch.reshape(x_reshaped, (-1,)) # part of torch package, while view() and resize_() are not
print(x_reshaped2.shape)
Out:
tensor([ 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17,
18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23]) torch.Size([24])
torch.Size([1, 2, 3, 4])
torch.Size([1, 2, 3, 4])
torch.Size([24])
But did you know it can also work as a replacement for squeeze() and unsqueeze()
x = torch.tensor([1, 2, 3, 4])
print(x.shape)
x1 = torch.unsqueeze(x, 0)
print(x1.shape)
x2 = torch.unsqueeze(x1, 1)
print(x2.shape)
x3=x.reshape(1,1,4)
print(x3.shape)
x4=x.reshape(4)
print(x4.shape)
x5=x3.squeeze()
print(x5.shape)
Out:
torch.Size([4])
torch.Size([1, 4])
torch.Size([1, 1, 4])
torch.Size([1, 1, 4])
torch.Size([4])
torch.Size([4])
As far as I know, the best way to reshape tensors is to use einops. It solves various reshape problems by providing a simple and elegant function. In your situation, the code could be written as
from einops import rearrange
ans = rearrange(tensor,'h -> 1 h')
I highly recommend you try it.
BTW, you can use it with pytorch/tensorflow/numpy and many other libraries.
I want to reshape a vector of shape (5,) into a matrix of shape (1, 5).
With numpy, I can do:
>>> import numpy as np
>>> a = np.array([1, 2, 3, 4, 5])
>>> a.shape
(5,)
>>> a = np.reshape(a, (1, 5))
>>> a.shape
(1, 5)
>>> a
array([[1, 2, 3, 4, 5]])
But how do I do this with PyTorch?
you might use
a.view(1,5)
Out:
1 2 3 4 5
[torch.FloatTensor of size 1x5]
Use torch.unsqueeze(input, dim, out=None):
>>> import torch
>>> a = torch.Tensor([1, 2, 3, 4, 5])
>>> a
1
2
3
4
5
[torch.FloatTensor of size 5]
>>> a = a.unsqueeze(0)
>>> a
1 2 3 4 5
[torch.FloatTensor of size 1x5]
or you can use this, the ‘-1’ means you don’t have to specify the number of the elements.
In [3]: a.view(1,-1)
Out[3]:
1 2 3 4 5
[torch.FloatTensor of size 1x5]
This question has been thoroughly answered already, but I want to add for the less experienced python developers that you might find the * operator helpful in conjunction with view().
For example if you have a particular tensor size that you want a different tensor of data to conform to, you might try:
img = Variable(tensor.randn(20,30,3)) # tensor with goal shape
flat_size = 20*30*3
X = Variable(tensor.randn(50, flat_size)) # data tensor
X = X.view(-1, *img.size()) # sweet maneuver
print(X.size()) # size is (50, 20, 30, 3)
This works with numpy shape too:
img = np.random.randn(20,30,3)
flat_size = 20*30*3
X = Variable(tensor.randn(50, flat_size))
X = X.view(-1, *img.shape)
print(X.size()) # size is (50, 20, 30, 3)
For in-place modification of the shape of the tensor, you should use
tensor.resize_():
In [23]: a = torch.Tensor([1, 2, 3, 4, 5])
In [24]: a.shape
Out[24]: torch.Size([5])
# tensor.resize_((`new_shape`))
In [25]: a.resize_((1,5))
Out[25]:
1 2 3 4 5
[torch.FloatTensor of size 1x5]
In [26]: a.shape
Out[26]: torch.Size([1, 5])
In PyTorch, if there’s an underscore at the end of an operation (like tensor.resize_()) then that operation does in-place modification to the original tensor.
Also, you can simply use np.newaxis in a torch Tensor to increase the dimension. Here is an example:
In [34]: list_ = range(5)
In [35]: a = torch.Tensor(list_)
In [36]: a.shape
Out[36]: torch.Size([5])
In [37]: new_a = a[np.newaxis, :]
In [38]: new_a.shape
Out[38]: torch.Size([1, 5])
import torch
>>>a = torch.Tensor([1,2,3,4,5])
>>>a.size()
torch.Size([5])
#use view to reshape
>>>b = a.view(1,a.shape[0])
>>>b
tensor([[1., 2., 3., 4., 5.]])
>>>b.size()
torch.Size([1, 5])
>>>b.type()
'torch.FloatTensor'
Assume the following code:
import torch
import numpy as np
a = torch.tensor([1, 2, 3, 4, 5])
The following three calls have the exact same effect:
res_1 = a.unsqueeze(0)
res_2 = a.view(1, 5)
res_3 = a[np.newaxis,:]
res_1.shape == res_2.shape == res_3.shape == (1,5) # Returns true
Notice that for any of the resulting tensors, if you modify the data in them, you are also modifying the data in a, because they don’t have a copy of the data, but reference the original data in a.
res_1[0,0] = 2
a[0] == res_1[0,0] == 2 # Returns true
The other way of doing it would be using the resize_ in place operation:
a.shape == res_1.shape # Returns false
a.reshape_((1, 5))
a.shape == res_1.shape # Returns true
Be careful of using resize_ or other in-place operation with autograd. See the following discussion: https://pytorch.org/docs/stable/notes/autograd.html#in-place-operations-with-autograd
There are multiple ways of reshaping a PyTorch tensor. You can apply these methods on a tensor of any dimensionality.
Let’s start with a 2-dimensional 2 x 3 tensor:
x = torch.Tensor(2, 3)
print(x.shape)
# torch.Size([2, 3])
To add some robustness to this problem, let’s reshape the 2 x 3 tensor by adding a new dimension at the front and another dimension in the middle, producing a 1 x 2 x 1 x 3 tensor.
Approach 1: add dimension with None
Use NumPy-style insertion of None (aka np.newaxis) to add dimensions anywhere you want. See here.
print(x.shape)
# torch.Size([2, 3])
y = x[None, :, None, :] # Add new dimensions at positions 0 and 2.
print(y.shape)
# torch.Size([1, 2, 1, 3])
Approach 2: unsqueeze
Use torch.Tensor.unsqueeze(i) (a.k.a. torch.unsqueeze(tensor, i) or the in-place version unsqueeze_()) to add a new dimension at the i’th dimension. The returned tensor shares the same data as the original tensor. In this example, we can use unqueeze() twice to add the two new dimensions.
print(x.shape)
# torch.Size([2, 3])
# Use unsqueeze twice.
y = x.unsqueeze(0) # Add new dimension at position 0
print(y.shape)
# torch.Size([1, 2, 3])
y = y.unsqueeze(2) # Add new dimension at position 2
print(y.shape)
# torch.Size([1, 2, 1, 3])
In practice with PyTorch, adding an extra dimension for the batch may be important, so you may often see unsqueeze(0).
Approach 3: view
Use torch.Tensor.view(*shape) to specify all the dimensions. The returned tensor shares the same data as the original tensor.
print(x.shape)
# torch.Size([2, 3])
y = x.view(1, 2, 1, 3)
print(y.shape)
# torch.Size([1, 2, 1, 3])
Approach 4: reshape
Use torch.Tensor.reshape(*shape) (aka torch.reshape(tensor, shapetuple)) to specify all the dimensions. If the original data is contiguous and has the same stride, the returned tensor will be a view of input (sharing the same data), otherwise it will be a copy. This function is similar to the NumPy reshape() function in that it lets you define all the dimensions and can return either a view or a copy.
print(x.shape)
# torch.Size([2, 3])
y = x.reshape(1, 2, 1, 3)
print(y.shape)
# torch.Size([1, 2, 1, 3])
Furthermore, from the O’Reilly 2019 book Programming PyTorch for Deep Learning, the author writes:
Now you might wonder what the difference is between view() and reshape(). The answer is that view() operates as a view on the original tensor, so if the underlying data is changed, the view will change too (and vice versa). However, view() can throw errors if the required view is not contiguous; that is, it doesn’t share the same block of memory it would occupy if a new tensor of the required shape was created from scratch. If this happens, you have to call tensor.contiguous() before you can use view(). However, reshape() does all that behind the scenes, so in general, I recommend using reshape() rather than view().
Approach 5: resize_
Use the in-place function torch.Tensor.resize_(*sizes) to modify the original tensor. The documentation states:
WARNING. This is a low-level method. The storage is reinterpreted as C-contiguous, ignoring the current strides (unless the target size equals the current size, in which case the tensor is left unchanged). For most purposes, you will instead want to use view(), which checks for contiguity, or reshape(), which copies data if needed. To change the size in-place with custom strides, see set_().
print(x.shape)
# torch.Size([2, 3])
x.resize_(1, 2, 1, 3)
print(x.shape)
# torch.Size([1, 2, 1, 3])
My observations
If you want to add just one dimension (e.g. to add a 0th dimension for the batch), then use unsqueeze(0). If you want to totally change the dimensionality, use reshape().
See also:
What’s the difference between reshape and view in pytorch?
What is the difference between view() and unsqueeze()?
In PyTorch 0.4, is it recommended to use reshape than view when it is possible?
import torch
t = torch.ones((2, 3, 4))
t.size()
>>torch.Size([2, 3, 4])
a = t.view(-1,t.size()[1]*t.size()[2])
a.size()
>>torch.Size([2, 12])
torch.reshape() is made to dupe the numpy reshape method.
It came after the view() and torch.resize_() and it is inside the dir(torch) package.
import torch
x=torch.arange(24)
print(x, x.shape)
x_view = x.view(1,2,3,4) # works on is_contiguous() tensor
print(x_view.shape)
x_reshaped = x.reshape(1,2,3,4) # works on any tensor
print(x_reshaped.shape)
x_reshaped2 = torch.reshape(x_reshaped, (-1,)) # part of torch package, while view() and resize_() are not
print(x_reshaped2.shape)
Out:
tensor([ 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17,
18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23]) torch.Size([24])
torch.Size([1, 2, 3, 4])
torch.Size([1, 2, 3, 4])
torch.Size([24])
But did you know it can also work as a replacement for squeeze() and unsqueeze()
x = torch.tensor([1, 2, 3, 4])
print(x.shape)
x1 = torch.unsqueeze(x, 0)
print(x1.shape)
x2 = torch.unsqueeze(x1, 1)
print(x2.shape)
x3=x.reshape(1,1,4)
print(x3.shape)
x4=x.reshape(4)
print(x4.shape)
x5=x3.squeeze()
print(x5.shape)
Out:
torch.Size([4])
torch.Size([1, 4])
torch.Size([1, 1, 4])
torch.Size([1, 1, 4])
torch.Size([4])
torch.Size([4])
As far as I know, the best way to reshape tensors is to use einops. It solves various reshape problems by providing a simple and elegant function. In your situation, the code could be written as
from einops import rearrange
ans = rearrange(tensor,'h -> 1 h')
I highly recommend you try it.
BTW, you can use it with pytorch/tensorflow/numpy and many other libraries.