How can I get a random key-value pair from a dictionary?

Call random.choice on the keys of the dictionary (the countries).

In 2.x, the keys can be chosen from directly:

>>> import random
>>> d = dict(Venezuela = 1, Spain = 2, USA = 3, Italy = 4)
>>> random.choice(d.keys())
'Venezuela'
>>> random.choice(d.keys())
'USA'

In 3.x, create a list first, e.g. random.choice(list(d.keys())).

Since this is homework:

Check out random.sample() which will select and return a random element from an list. You can get a list of dictionary keys with dict.keys() and a list of dictionary values with dict.values().

If you don’t want to use the random module, you can also try popitem():

>> d = {'a': 1, 'b': 5, 'c': 7}
>>> d.popitem()
('a', 1)
>>> d
{'c': 7, 'b': 5}
>>> d.popitem()
('c', 7)

Since the dict doesn’t preserve order, by using popitem you get items in an arbitrary (but not strictly random) order from it.

Also keep in mind that popitem removes the key-value pair from dictionary, as stated in the docs.

popitem() is useful to destructively iterate over a dictionary

If you don’t want to use random.choice() you can try this way:

>>> list(myDictionary)[i]
'VENEZUELA'
>>> myDictionary = {'VENEZUELA':'CARACAS', 'IRAN' : 'TEHRAN'}
>>> import random
>>> i = random.randint(0, len(myDictionary) - 1)
>>> myDictionary[list(myDictionary)[i]]
'TEHRAN'
>>> list(myDictionary)[i]
'IRAN'

I wrote this trying to solve the same problem:

https://github.com/robtandy/randomdict

It has O(1) random access to keys, values, and items.

Give a dictionary a, use:

import random
random_key = random.sample(a.keys(), 1)[0]

I am assuming that you are making a quiz kind of application. For this kind of application I have written a function which is as follows:

def shuffle(q):
"""
The input of the function will 
be the dictionary of the question
and answers. The output will
be a random question with answer
"""
selected_keys = []
i = 0
while i < len(q):
    current_selection = random.choice(q.keys())
    if current_selection not in selected_keys:
        selected_keys.append(current_selection)
        i = i+1
        print(current_selection+'? '+str(q[current_selection]))

If I will give the input of questions = {'VENEZUELA':'CARACAS', 'CANADA':'TORONTO'} and call the function shuffle(questions) Then the output will be as follows:

VENEZUELA? CARACAS
CANADA? TORONTO

You can extend this further more by shuffling the options also

Try this (using random.choice from items)

import random

a={ "str" : "sda" , "number" : 123, 55 : "num"}
random.choice(list(a.items()))
#  ('str', 'sda')
random.choice(list(a.items()))[1] # getting a value
#  'num'

Since the original post wanted the pair:

import random
d = {'VENEZUELA':'CARACAS', 'CANADA':'TORONTO'}
country, capital = random.choice(list(d.items()))

(python 3 style)

b = { 'video':0, 'music':23,"picture":12 } 
random.choice(tuple(b.items())) ('music', 23) 
random.choice(tuple(b.items())) ('music', 23) 
random.choice(tuple(b.items())) ('picture', 12) 
random.choice(tuple(b.items())) ('video', 0) 

This works in Python 2 and Python 3:

A random key:

random.choice(list(d.keys()))

A random value

random.choice(list(d.values()))

A random key and value

random.choice(list(d.items()))

In Python 3.x, the objects returned by methods dict.keys(), dict.values() and dict.items() are view objects, which cannot be used directly with random.choice.

One option is to pass random.choice a list comprehension that extracts the candidate values to choose from:

import random

colors = {
    'purple': '#7A4198',
    'turquoise': '#9ACBC9',
    'orange': '#EF5C35',
    'blue': '#19457D',
    'green': '#5AF9B5',
    'red': ' #E04160',
    'yellow': '#F9F985'
}

color = random.choice([color_value for color_value in colors.values()]

print(f'The new color is: {color}')

I found this post by looking for a rather comparable solution. For picking multiple elements out of a dict, this can be used:

idx_picks = np.random.choice(len(d), num_of_picks, replace=False) #(Don't pick the same element twice)
result = dict ()
c_keys = [d.keys()] #not so efficient - unfortunately .keys() returns a non-indexable object because dicts are unordered
for i in idx_picks:
    result[c_keys[i]] = d[i]

Here is a little Python code for a dictionary class that can return random keys in O(1) time. (I included MyPy types in this code for readability):

from typing import TypeVar, Generic, Dict, List
import random

K = TypeVar('K')
V = TypeVar('V')
class IndexableDict(Generic[K, V]):
    def __init__(self) -> None:
        self.keys: List[K] = []
        self.vals: List[V] = []
        self.dict: Dict[K, int] = {}

    def __getitem__(self, key: K) -> V:
        return self.vals[self.dict[key]]

    def __setitem__(self, key: K, val: V) -> None:
        if key in self.dict:
            index = self.dict[key]
            self.vals[index] = val
        else:
            self.dict[key] = len(self.keys)
            self.keys.append(key)
            self.vals.append(val)

    def __contains__(self, key: K) -> bool:
        return key in self.dict

    def __len__(self) -> int:
        return len(self.keys)

    def random_key(self) -> K:
        return self.keys[random.randrange(len(self.keys))]

To select 50 random key values from a dictionary set dict_data:

sample = random.sample(set(dict_data.keys()), 50)

To get a random key, use random.choice(), passing the dictionary keys like so:

import random
keys = list(my_dict)
country = random.choice(keys)

Here are separate functions to get a key, value or item:

import random

def pick_random_key_from_dict(d: dict):
    """Grab a random key from a dictionary."""
    keys = list(d.keys())
    random_key = random.choice(keys)
    return random_key

def pick_random_item_from_dict(d: dict):
    """Grab a random item from a dictionary."""
    random_key = pick_random_key_from_dict(d)
    random_item = random_key, d[random_key]
    return random_item

def pick_random_value_from_dict(d: dict):
    """Grab a random value from a dictionary."""
    _, random_value = pick_random_item_from_dict(d)
    return random_value

These can be used like:

d = {...}
random_item = pick_random_item_from_dict(d)

These approaches only copy the keys of the dict, mitigating the need to copy the data in order to use random.choice. Once we have the key, we can get the corresponding value, and thus an item.

I needed to iterate through ranges of keys in a dict without sorting it each time and found the Sorted Containers library. I discovered that this library enables random access to dictionary items by index which solves this problem intuitively and without iterating through the entire dict each time:

>>> import sortedcontainers
>>> import random
>>> d = sortedcontainers.SortedDict({1: 'a', 2: 'b', 3: 'c'})
>>> random.choice(d.items())
(1, 'a')
>>> random.sample(d.keys(), k=2)
[1, 3]