aiohttp: rate limiting parallel requests
Question:
APIs often have rate limits that users have to follow. As an example let’s take 50 requests/second. Sequential requests take 0.5-1 second and thus are too slow to come close to that limit. Parallel requests with aiohttp, however, exceed the rate limit.
To poll the API as fast as allowed, one needs to rate limit parallel calls.
Examples that I found so far decorate session.get, approximately like so:
session.get = rate_limited(max_calls_per_second)(session.get)
This works well for sequential calls. Trying to implement this in parallel calls does not work as intended.
Here’s some code as example:
async with aiohttp.ClientSession() as session:
session.get = rate_limited(max_calls_per_second)(session.get)
tasks = (asyncio.ensure_future(download_coroutine(
timeout, session, url)) for url in urls)
process_responses_function(await asyncio.gather(*tasks))
The problem with this is that it will rate-limit the queueing of the tasks. The execution with gather will still happen more or less at the same time. Worst of both worlds ;-).
Yes, I found a similar question right here aiohttp: set maximum number of requests per second, but neither replies answer the actual question of limiting the rate of requests. Also the blog post from Quentin Pradet works only on rate-limiting the queueing.
To wrap it up: How can one limit the number of requests per second for parallel aiohttp requests?
Answers:
If I understand you well, you want to limit the number of simultaneous requests?
There is a object inside asyncio named Semaphore, it works like an asynchronous RLock.
semaphore = asyncio.Semaphore(50)
#...
async def limit_wrap(url):
async with semaphore:
# do what you want
#...
results = asyncio.gather([limit_wrap(url) for url in urls])
updated
Suppose I make 50 concurrent requests, and they all finish in 2 seconds. So, it doesn’t touch the limitation(only 25 requests per seconds).
That means I should make 100 concurrent requests, and they all finish in 2 seconds too(50 requests per seconds). But before you actually make those requests, how could you determine how long will they finish?
Or if you doesn’t mind finished requests per second but requests made per second. You can:
async def loop_wrap(urls):
for url in urls:
asyncio.ensure_future(download(url))
await asyncio.sleep(1/50)
asyncio.ensure_future(loop_wrap(urls))
loop.run_forever()
The code above will create a Future instance every 1/50 second.
I approached the problem by creating a subclass of aiohttp.ClientSession() with a ratelimiter based on the leaky-bucket algorithm. I use asyncio.Queue() for ratelimiting instead of Semaphores. I’ve only overridden the _request() method. I find this approach cleaner since you only replace session = aiohttp.ClientSession() with session = ThrottledClientSession(rate_limit=15).
class ThrottledClientSession(aiohttp.ClientSession):
"""Rate-throttled client session class inherited from aiohttp.ClientSession)"""
MIN_SLEEP = 0.1
def __init__(self, rate_limit: float =None, *args,**kwargs) -> None:
super().__init__(*args,**kwargs)
self.rate_limit = rate_limit
self._fillerTask = None
self._queue = None
self._start_time = time.time()
if rate_limit != None:
if rate_limit <= 0:
raise ValueError('rate_limit must be positive')
self._queue = asyncio.Queue(min(2, int(rate_limit)+1))
self._fillerTask = asyncio.create_task(self._filler(rate_limit))
def _get_sleep(self) -> list:
if self.rate_limit != None:
return max(1/self.rate_limit, self.MIN_SLEEP)
return None
async def close(self) -> None:
"""Close rate-limiter's "bucket filler" task"""
if self._fillerTask != None:
self._fillerTask.cancel()
try:
await asyncio.wait_for(self._fillerTask, timeout= 0.5)
except asyncio.TimeoutError as err:
print(str(err))
await super().close()
async def _filler(self, rate_limit: float = 1):
"""Filler task to fill the leaky bucket algo"""
try:
if self._queue == None:
return
self.rate_limit = rate_limit
sleep = self._get_sleep()
updated_at = time.monotonic()
fraction = 0
extra_increment = 0
for i in range(0,self._queue.maxsize):
self._queue.put_nowait(i)
while True:
if not self._queue.full():
now = time.monotonic()
increment = rate_limit * (now - updated_at)
fraction += increment % 1
extra_increment = fraction // 1
items_2_add = int(min(self._queue.maxsize - self._queue.qsize(), int(increment) + extra_increment))
fraction = fraction % 1
for i in range(0,items_2_add):
self._queue.put_nowait(i)
updated_at = now
await asyncio.sleep(sleep)
except asyncio.CancelledError:
print('Cancelled')
except Exception as err:
print(str(err))
async def _allow(self) -> None:
if self._queue != None:
# debug
#if self._start_time == None:
# self._start_time = time.time()
await self._queue.get()
self._queue.task_done()
return None
async def _request(self, *args,**kwargs):
"""Throttled _request()"""
await self._allow()
return await super()._request(*args,**kwargs)
```
I liked @sraw’s approached this with asyncio, but their answer didn’t quite cut it for me. Since I don’t know if my calls to download are going to each be faster or slower than the rate limit I want to have the option to run many in parallel when requests are slow and run one at a time when requests are very fast so that I’m always right at the rate limit.
I do this by using a queue with a producer that produces new tasks at the rate limit, then many consumers that will either all wait on the next job if they’re fast, or there will be work backed up in the queue if they are slow, and will run as fast as the processor/network allow:
import asyncio
from datetime import datetime
async def download(url):
# download or whatever
task_time = 1/10
await asyncio.sleep(task_time)
result = datetime.now()
return result, url
async def producer_fn(queue, urls, max_per_second):
for url in urls:
await queue.put(url)
await asyncio.sleep(1/max_per_second)
async def consumer(work_queue, result_queue):
while True:
url = await work_queue.get()
result = await download(url)
work_queue.task_done()
await result_queue.put(result)
urls = range(20)
async def main():
work_queue = asyncio.Queue()
result_queue = asyncio.Queue()
num_consumer_tasks = 10
max_per_second = 5
consumers = [asyncio.create_task(consumer(work_queue, result_queue))
for _ in range(num_consumer_tasks)]
producer = asyncio.create_task(producer_fn(work_queue, urls, max_per_second))
await producer
# wait for the remaining tasks to be processed
await work_queue.join()
# cancel the consumers, which are now idle
for c in consumers:
c.cancel()
while not result_queue.empty():
result, url = await result_queue.get()
print(f'{url} finished at {result}')
asyncio.run(main())
As far as the question here regarding n requests being sent at the same time when gather() is called, the key is using create_task() with an await asyncio.sleep(1.1) before every call. Any task created with create_task is immediately run:
for i in range(THREADS):
await asyncio.sleep(1.1)
tasks.append(
asyncio.create_task(getData(session, q, ''.join(random.choice(string.ascii_lowercase) for i in range(10))))
)
await asyncio.gather(*tasks)
The other issue of limiting # of simultaneous connections is also solved in the below example by using ClientSession() context in async_payload_wrapper and setting the connector with a limit.
With this setup I can run 25 coroutines (THREADS=25) that each loop over a queue of URLS and not violate a 25 concurrent connection rule:
async def send_request(session, url, routine):
start_time = time.time()
print(f"{routine}, sending request: {datetime.now()}")
params = {
'api_key': 'nunya',
'url': '%s' % url,
'render_js': 'false',
'premium_proxy': 'false',
'country_code':'us'
}
try:
async with session.get(url='http://yourAPI.com',params=params,) as response:
data = await response.content.read()
print(f"{routine}, done request: {time.time() - start_time} seconds")
return data
except asyncio.TimeoutError as e:
print('timeout---------------------')
errors.append(url)
except aiohttp.ClientResponseError as e:
print('request failed - Server Error')
errors.append(url)
except Exception as e:
errors.append(url)
async def getData(session, q, test):
while True:
if not q.empty():
url = q.get_nowait()
resp = await send_request(session, url ,test)
if resp is not None:
processData(resp, test, url)
else:
print(f'{test} queue empty')
break
async def async_payload_wrapper():
tasks = []
q = asyncio.Queue()
for url in urls:
await q.put(url)
async with ClientSession(connector=aiohttp.TCPConnector(limit=THREADS), timeout=ClientTimeout(total=61), raise_for_status=True) as session:
for i in range(THREADS):
await asyncio.sleep(1.1)
tasks.append(
asyncio.create_task(getData(session, q, ''.join(random.choice(string.ascii_lowercase) for i in range(10))))
)
await asyncio.gather(*tasks)
if __name__ == '__main__':
start_time = time.time()
asyncio.run(async_payload_wrapper())
I developed a library named octopus-api (https://pypi.org/project/octopus-api/), that enables you to rate limit and set the number of connections (parallel) calls to the endpoint using aiohttp under the hood. The goal of it is to simplify all the aiohttp setup needed.
Here is an example of how to use it, where the get_ethereum is the user-defined request function:
from octopus_api import TentacleSession, OctopusApi
from typing import Dict, List
if __name__ == '__main__':
async def get_ethereum(session: TentacleSession, request: Dict):
async with session.get(url=request["url"], params=request["params"]) as response:
body = await response.json()
return body
client = OctopusApi(rate=50, resolution="sec", connections=6)
result: List = client.execute(requests_list=[{
"url": "https://api.pro.coinbase.com/products/ETH-EUR/candles?granularity=900&start=2021-12-04T00:00:00Z&end=2021-12-04T00:00:00Z",
"params": {}}] * 1000, func=get_ethereum)
print(result)
The TentacleSession works the same as how you write POST, GET, PUT and PATCH for aiohttp.ClientSession.
Let me know if it helps your issue related to rate limits and parallel calls.
APIs often have rate limits that users have to follow. As an example let’s take 50 requests/second. Sequential requests take 0.5-1 second and thus are too slow to come close to that limit. Parallel requests with aiohttp, however, exceed the rate limit.
To poll the API as fast as allowed, one needs to rate limit parallel calls.
Examples that I found so far decorate session.get, approximately like so:
session.get = rate_limited(max_calls_per_second)(session.get)
This works well for sequential calls. Trying to implement this in parallel calls does not work as intended.
Here’s some code as example:
async with aiohttp.ClientSession() as session:
session.get = rate_limited(max_calls_per_second)(session.get)
tasks = (asyncio.ensure_future(download_coroutine(
timeout, session, url)) for url in urls)
process_responses_function(await asyncio.gather(*tasks))
The problem with this is that it will rate-limit the queueing of the tasks. The execution with gather will still happen more or less at the same time. Worst of both worlds ;-).
Yes, I found a similar question right here aiohttp: set maximum number of requests per second, but neither replies answer the actual question of limiting the rate of requests. Also the blog post from Quentin Pradet works only on rate-limiting the queueing.
To wrap it up: How can one limit the number of requests per second for parallel aiohttp requests?
If I understand you well, you want to limit the number of simultaneous requests?
There is a object inside asyncio named Semaphore, it works like an asynchronous RLock.
semaphore = asyncio.Semaphore(50)
#...
async def limit_wrap(url):
async with semaphore:
# do what you want
#...
results = asyncio.gather([limit_wrap(url) for url in urls])
updated
Suppose I make 50 concurrent requests, and they all finish in 2 seconds. So, it doesn’t touch the limitation(only 25 requests per seconds).
That means I should make 100 concurrent requests, and they all finish in 2 seconds too(50 requests per seconds). But before you actually make those requests, how could you determine how long will they finish?
Or if you doesn’t mind finished requests per second but requests made per second. You can:
async def loop_wrap(urls):
for url in urls:
asyncio.ensure_future(download(url))
await asyncio.sleep(1/50)
asyncio.ensure_future(loop_wrap(urls))
loop.run_forever()
The code above will create a Future instance every 1/50 second.
I approached the problem by creating a subclass of aiohttp.ClientSession() with a ratelimiter based on the leaky-bucket algorithm. I use asyncio.Queue() for ratelimiting instead of Semaphores. I’ve only overridden the _request() method. I find this approach cleaner since you only replace session = aiohttp.ClientSession() with session = ThrottledClientSession(rate_limit=15).
class ThrottledClientSession(aiohttp.ClientSession):
"""Rate-throttled client session class inherited from aiohttp.ClientSession)"""
MIN_SLEEP = 0.1
def __init__(self, rate_limit: float =None, *args,**kwargs) -> None:
super().__init__(*args,**kwargs)
self.rate_limit = rate_limit
self._fillerTask = None
self._queue = None
self._start_time = time.time()
if rate_limit != None:
if rate_limit <= 0:
raise ValueError('rate_limit must be positive')
self._queue = asyncio.Queue(min(2, int(rate_limit)+1))
self._fillerTask = asyncio.create_task(self._filler(rate_limit))
def _get_sleep(self) -> list:
if self.rate_limit != None:
return max(1/self.rate_limit, self.MIN_SLEEP)
return None
async def close(self) -> None:
"""Close rate-limiter's "bucket filler" task"""
if self._fillerTask != None:
self._fillerTask.cancel()
try:
await asyncio.wait_for(self._fillerTask, timeout= 0.5)
except asyncio.TimeoutError as err:
print(str(err))
await super().close()
async def _filler(self, rate_limit: float = 1):
"""Filler task to fill the leaky bucket algo"""
try:
if self._queue == None:
return
self.rate_limit = rate_limit
sleep = self._get_sleep()
updated_at = time.monotonic()
fraction = 0
extra_increment = 0
for i in range(0,self._queue.maxsize):
self._queue.put_nowait(i)
while True:
if not self._queue.full():
now = time.monotonic()
increment = rate_limit * (now - updated_at)
fraction += increment % 1
extra_increment = fraction // 1
items_2_add = int(min(self._queue.maxsize - self._queue.qsize(), int(increment) + extra_increment))
fraction = fraction % 1
for i in range(0,items_2_add):
self._queue.put_nowait(i)
updated_at = now
await asyncio.sleep(sleep)
except asyncio.CancelledError:
print('Cancelled')
except Exception as err:
print(str(err))
async def _allow(self) -> None:
if self._queue != None:
# debug
#if self._start_time == None:
# self._start_time = time.time()
await self._queue.get()
self._queue.task_done()
return None
async def _request(self, *args,**kwargs):
"""Throttled _request()"""
await self._allow()
return await super()._request(*args,**kwargs)
```
I liked @sraw’s approached this with asyncio, but their answer didn’t quite cut it for me. Since I don’t know if my calls to download are going to each be faster or slower than the rate limit I want to have the option to run many in parallel when requests are slow and run one at a time when requests are very fast so that I’m always right at the rate limit.
I do this by using a queue with a producer that produces new tasks at the rate limit, then many consumers that will either all wait on the next job if they’re fast, or there will be work backed up in the queue if they are slow, and will run as fast as the processor/network allow:
import asyncio
from datetime import datetime
async def download(url):
# download or whatever
task_time = 1/10
await asyncio.sleep(task_time)
result = datetime.now()
return result, url
async def producer_fn(queue, urls, max_per_second):
for url in urls:
await queue.put(url)
await asyncio.sleep(1/max_per_second)
async def consumer(work_queue, result_queue):
while True:
url = await work_queue.get()
result = await download(url)
work_queue.task_done()
await result_queue.put(result)
urls = range(20)
async def main():
work_queue = asyncio.Queue()
result_queue = asyncio.Queue()
num_consumer_tasks = 10
max_per_second = 5
consumers = [asyncio.create_task(consumer(work_queue, result_queue))
for _ in range(num_consumer_tasks)]
producer = asyncio.create_task(producer_fn(work_queue, urls, max_per_second))
await producer
# wait for the remaining tasks to be processed
await work_queue.join()
# cancel the consumers, which are now idle
for c in consumers:
c.cancel()
while not result_queue.empty():
result, url = await result_queue.get()
print(f'{url} finished at {result}')
asyncio.run(main())
As far as the question here regarding n requests being sent at the same time when gather() is called, the key is using create_task() with an await asyncio.sleep(1.1) before every call. Any task created with create_task is immediately run:
for i in range(THREADS):
await asyncio.sleep(1.1)
tasks.append(
asyncio.create_task(getData(session, q, ''.join(random.choice(string.ascii_lowercase) for i in range(10))))
)
await asyncio.gather(*tasks)
The other issue of limiting # of simultaneous connections is also solved in the below example by using ClientSession() context in async_payload_wrapper and setting the connector with a limit.
With this setup I can run 25 coroutines (THREADS=25) that each loop over a queue of URLS and not violate a 25 concurrent connection rule:
async def send_request(session, url, routine):
start_time = time.time()
print(f"{routine}, sending request: {datetime.now()}")
params = {
'api_key': 'nunya',
'url': '%s' % url,
'render_js': 'false',
'premium_proxy': 'false',
'country_code':'us'
}
try:
async with session.get(url='http://yourAPI.com',params=params,) as response:
data = await response.content.read()
print(f"{routine}, done request: {time.time() - start_time} seconds")
return data
except asyncio.TimeoutError as e:
print('timeout---------------------')
errors.append(url)
except aiohttp.ClientResponseError as e:
print('request failed - Server Error')
errors.append(url)
except Exception as e:
errors.append(url)
async def getData(session, q, test):
while True:
if not q.empty():
url = q.get_nowait()
resp = await send_request(session, url ,test)
if resp is not None:
processData(resp, test, url)
else:
print(f'{test} queue empty')
break
async def async_payload_wrapper():
tasks = []
q = asyncio.Queue()
for url in urls:
await q.put(url)
async with ClientSession(connector=aiohttp.TCPConnector(limit=THREADS), timeout=ClientTimeout(total=61), raise_for_status=True) as session:
for i in range(THREADS):
await asyncio.sleep(1.1)
tasks.append(
asyncio.create_task(getData(session, q, ''.join(random.choice(string.ascii_lowercase) for i in range(10))))
)
await asyncio.gather(*tasks)
if __name__ == '__main__':
start_time = time.time()
asyncio.run(async_payload_wrapper())
I developed a library named octopus-api (https://pypi.org/project/octopus-api/), that enables you to rate limit and set the number of connections (parallel) calls to the endpoint using aiohttp under the hood. The goal of it is to simplify all the aiohttp setup needed.
Here is an example of how to use it, where the get_ethereum is the user-defined request function:
from octopus_api import TentacleSession, OctopusApi
from typing import Dict, List
if __name__ == '__main__':
async def get_ethereum(session: TentacleSession, request: Dict):
async with session.get(url=request["url"], params=request["params"]) as response:
body = await response.json()
return body
client = OctopusApi(rate=50, resolution="sec", connections=6)
result: List = client.execute(requests_list=[{
"url": "https://api.pro.coinbase.com/products/ETH-EUR/candles?granularity=900&start=2021-12-04T00:00:00Z&end=2021-12-04T00:00:00Z",
"params": {}}] * 1000, func=get_ethereum)
print(result)
The TentacleSession works the same as how you write POST, GET, PUT and PATCH for aiohttp.ClientSession.
Let me know if it helps your issue related to rate limits and parallel calls.