builtins.TypeError: must be str, not bytes

Question

I’ve converted my scripts from Python 2.7 to 3.2, and I have a bug.

# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
import time
from datetime import date
from lxml import etree
from collections import OrderedDict

# Create the root element
page = etree.Element('results')

# Make a new document tree
doc = etree.ElementTree(page)

# Add the subelements
pageElement = etree.SubElement(page, 'Country',Tim = 'Now', 
                                      name='Germany', AnotherParameter = 'Bye',
                                      Code='DE',
                                      Storage='Basic')
pageElement = etree.SubElement(page, 'City', 
                                      name='Germany',
                                      Code='PZ',
                                      Storage='Basic',AnotherParameter = 'Hello')
# For multiple multiple attributes, use as shown above

# Save to XML file
outFile = open('output.xml', 'w')
doc.write(outFile)

On the last line, I got this error:

builtins.TypeError: must be str, not bytes
File "C:PythonExamplesXmlReportGeneratorExample.py", line 29, in <module>
  doc.write(outFile)
File "c:Python32Libsite-packageslxmletree.pyd", line 1853, in lxml.etree._ElementTree.write (src/lxml/lxml.etree.c:44355)
File "c:Python32Libsite-packageslxmletree.pyd", line 478, in lxml.etree._tofilelike (src/lxml/lxml.etree.c:90649)
File "c:Python32Libsite-packageslxmletree.pyd", line 282, in lxml.etree._ExceptionContext._raise_if_stored (src/lxml/lxml.etree.c:7972)
File "c:Python32Libsite-packageslxmletree.pyd", line 378, in lxml.etree._FilelikeWriter.write (src/lxml/lxml.etree.c:89527)

I’ve installed Python 3.2, and I’ve installed lxml-2.3.win32-py3.2.exe.

On Python 2.7, it works.

Asked By: user278618

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Source

Answer 1

The outfile should be in binary mode.

outFile = open('output.xml', 'wb')

Answered By: Lennart Regebro

Answer 2

Convert binary file to base64 & vice versa. Prove in python 3.5.2

import base64

read_file = open('/tmp/newgalax.png', 'rb')
data = read_file.read()

b64 = base64.b64encode(data)

print (b64)

# Save file
decode_b64 = base64.b64decode(b64)
out_file = open('/tmp/out_newgalax.png', 'wb')
out_file.write(decode_b64)

# Test in python 3.5.2

Answered By: djperalta

Answer 3

If for whatever reason, the output file was opened with mode='w' and cannot be reopened with 'wb', a workaround is to access .buffer on the TextIOWrapper to create a BufferedWriter (which is instantiated if a file was opened with mode='wb') and write.

s = """
<country name="Liechtenstein">
    <year>2008</year>
    <gdppc>141100</gdppc>
</country>
"""
import xml.etree.ElementTree as ET
doc = ET.ElementTree(ET.fromstring(s))

outFile = open('output.xml', 'w')
doc.write(outFile.buffer)             # <--- buffer here
outFile.close()

Answered By: cottontail

builtins.TypeError: must be str, not bytes

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