How to change variables fed into a for loop in list form
Question:
I am writing a basic program in Python that prompts the user to enter 5 test scores. The program will then convert each test score to a grade point (i.e. 4.0, 3.0, 2.0…), and then afterwards take the average of these numbers.
I’ve assigned each test score their own variable, and I’m feeding them into a for loop as follows:
for num in [score1, score2, score3, score4, score5]:
if num >= 90
print('Your test score is a 4.0')
elif num < 90 and >= 80
.
.
# and so on for each grade point.
Now, this does fine for displaying what each test score is equivalent to grade point wise. However, later in the function I need to calculate the average of each of these grade point values. So, I’d actually like to assign a grade point value to the specific variable passed through the for loop at that time. So, when score1 is passed through the for loop, and the appropriate grade point is determined, how can I actually assign that grade point to score1, and then later for score2 and so on as they are passed through the loop?
I hope that makes the question clear. It would seem silly that Python would not have this kind of capability, because if not you wouldn’t be able to redefine any variable passed through a for loop if it is part of a list that is being passed through.
Not only are variables "in" the list (the list actually only stores values) updated, but the list isn’t updated at all by this process. See Why doesn't assigning to the loop variable modify the original list? How can I assign back to the list in a loop? for that version of the question.
Answers:
“It would seem silly that Python would not have this kind of capability, because if not you wouldn’t be able to redefine any variable passed through a for loop if it is part of a list that is being passed through.” – That’s how most programming languages work. To allow this capability would be bad because it would create something called side-effects, which make code obtuse.
Additionally this is a common programming pitfall because you should keep data out of variable names: see http://nedbatchelder.com/blog/201112/keep_data_out_of_your_variable_names.html (especially the list of similar questions; even if you aren’t dealing with variables names, you are at least trying to deal with the variable namespace). The remedy is to work at “one level higher”: a list or set in this case. This is why your original question is not reasonable. (Some versions of python will let you hack the locals() dictionary, but this is unsupported and undocumented behavior and very poor style.)
You can however force python to use side-effects like so:
scores = [99.1, 78.3, etc.]
for i,score in enumerate(scores):
scores[i] = int(score)
the above will round scores down in the scores array. The right way to do this however (unless you are working with hundreds of millions of elements) is to recreate the scores array like so:
scores = [...]
roundedScores = [int(score) for score in scores]
If you have many things you want to do to a score:
scores = [..., ..., ...]
def processScores(scores):
'''Grades on a curve, where top score = 100%'''
theTopScore = max(scores)
def processScore(score, topScore):
return 100-topScore+score
newScores = [processScore(s,theTopScore) for s in scores]
return newScores
sidenote: If you’re doing float calculations, you should from __future__ import division or use python3, or cast to float(...) explicitly.
If you really want to modify what is passed in, you can pass in a mutable object. The numbers you are passing in are instances of immutable objects, but if for example you had:
class Score(object):
def __init__(self, points):
self.points = points
def __repr__(self):
return 'Score({})'.format(self.points)
scores = [Score(i) for i in [99.1, 78.3, ...]]
for s in scores:
s.points += 5 # adds 5 points to each score
This would still be a non-functional way to do things, and thus prone to all the issues that side-effects cause.
The problem is that when you write this:
for num in [score1, score2, score3, score4, score5]:
what is happening is that you are creating a list which has five elements which are defined by the values of score1 through score 5 at the time you start iterating. Changing one of these elements does not change the original variable, because you’ve created a list containing copies of these values.
If you run the following script:
score1 = 2
score2 = 3
for num in [score1, score2]:
num = 1
for num in [score1, score2]:
print(num)
you’ll see that changing each value in the list containing copies of your actual variables does not actually change the original variable’s values. To get a better understanding of this, you might consider looking up the difference between “pass by reference” and “pass by value”.
For this particular problem, I’d recommend placing the variables you want to be able to modify in a list to begin with, then iterating over that list rather than a list containing copies of those variables.
# Take the list of grade as input, assume list is not empty
def convertGrade(myGrades):
myResult = [] # List that store the new grade
for grade in myGrades:
gpa = (grade / 20) -1
# Depending on how many deciaml you want
gpa = round(gpa, 1)
myResult.append(gpa)
return myResult
# The list of grades, can be more than 5 if you want to
grades = [88.3, 93.6, 50.2, 70.2, 80.5]
convertedGrades = convertGrade(grades)
print(convertedGrades)
total = 0
# If you want the average of them
for grade in convertedGrades:
total += grade # add each grade into the total
average = total / len(convertedGrades)
print('Average GPA is:', average)
I think this might do what you want, this sort of things is quite simple, so python would expect you to write it yourself, I don’t know if you mean python should come with a GPA converter function, you can surely write one easily. If you want whole number only, (which I am not sure, since GPA usually comes with decimal point), then you can use int(), or round it to 0 before you append it.
output:
[3.4, 3.7, 1.5, 2.5, 3.0]
Average GPA is: 2.82
First rule: when dealing with a bunch of similar items, don’t use a bunch of named variables – use an array (list, set, dictionary, whatever makes the most sense).
Second rule: unless you are really pressed for space, don’t overwrite your variables this way – you are trying to make one label (the variable name) stand for two different things (raw mark and/or gpa). This makes debugging really nasty.
def get_marks():
marks = []
while True:
inp = raw_input("Type in the next mark (just hit <Enter> to quit): ")
try:
marks.append(float(inp))
except ValueError:
return marks
def gpa(mark):
if mark >= 90.0:
return 4.0
elif mark >= 80.0:
return 3.0
elif mark >= 70.0:
return 2.0
elif mark >= 60.0:
return 1.0
else:
return 0.0
def average(ls):
return sum(ls)/len(ls)
def main():
marks = get_marks()
grades = [gpa(mark) for mark in marks]
print("Average mark is {}".format(average(marks)))
print("Average grade is {}".format(average(grades)))
if __name__=="__main__":
main()
I am writing a basic program in Python that prompts the user to enter 5 test scores. The program will then convert each test score to a grade point (i.e. 4.0, 3.0, 2.0…), and then afterwards take the average of these numbers.
I’ve assigned each test score their own variable, and I’m feeding them into a for loop as follows:
for num in [score1, score2, score3, score4, score5]:
if num >= 90
print('Your test score is a 4.0')
elif num < 90 and >= 80
.
.
# and so on for each grade point.
Now, this does fine for displaying what each test score is equivalent to grade point wise. However, later in the function I need to calculate the average of each of these grade point values. So, I’d actually like to assign a grade point value to the specific variable passed through the for loop at that time. So, when score1 is passed through the for loop, and the appropriate grade point is determined, how can I actually assign that grade point to score1, and then later for score2 and so on as they are passed through the loop?
I hope that makes the question clear. It would seem silly that Python would not have this kind of capability, because if not you wouldn’t be able to redefine any variable passed through a for loop if it is part of a list that is being passed through.
Not only are variables "in" the list (the list actually only stores values) updated, but the list isn’t updated at all by this process. See Why doesn't assigning to the loop variable modify the original list? How can I assign back to the list in a loop? for that version of the question.
“It would seem silly that Python would not have this kind of capability, because if not you wouldn’t be able to redefine any variable passed through a for loop if it is part of a list that is being passed through.” – That’s how most programming languages work. To allow this capability would be bad because it would create something called side-effects, which make code obtuse.
Additionally this is a common programming pitfall because you should keep data out of variable names: see http://nedbatchelder.com/blog/201112/keep_data_out_of_your_variable_names.html (especially the list of similar questions; even if you aren’t dealing with variables names, you are at least trying to deal with the variable namespace). The remedy is to work at “one level higher”: a list or set in this case. This is why your original question is not reasonable. (Some versions of python will let you hack the locals() dictionary, but this is unsupported and undocumented behavior and very poor style.)
You can however force python to use side-effects like so:
scores = [99.1, 78.3, etc.]
for i,score in enumerate(scores):
scores[i] = int(score)
the above will round scores down in the scores array. The right way to do this however (unless you are working with hundreds of millions of elements) is to recreate the scores array like so:
scores = [...]
roundedScores = [int(score) for score in scores]
If you have many things you want to do to a score:
scores = [..., ..., ...]
def processScores(scores):
'''Grades on a curve, where top score = 100%'''
theTopScore = max(scores)
def processScore(score, topScore):
return 100-topScore+score
newScores = [processScore(s,theTopScore) for s in scores]
return newScores
sidenote: If you’re doing float calculations, you should from __future__ import division or use python3, or cast to float(...) explicitly.
If you really want to modify what is passed in, you can pass in a mutable object. The numbers you are passing in are instances of immutable objects, but if for example you had:
class Score(object):
def __init__(self, points):
self.points = points
def __repr__(self):
return 'Score({})'.format(self.points)
scores = [Score(i) for i in [99.1, 78.3, ...]]
for s in scores:
s.points += 5 # adds 5 points to each score
This would still be a non-functional way to do things, and thus prone to all the issues that side-effects cause.
The problem is that when you write this:
for num in [score1, score2, score3, score4, score5]:
what is happening is that you are creating a list which has five elements which are defined by the values of score1 through score 5 at the time you start iterating. Changing one of these elements does not change the original variable, because you’ve created a list containing copies of these values.
If you run the following script:
score1 = 2
score2 = 3
for num in [score1, score2]:
num = 1
for num in [score1, score2]:
print(num)
you’ll see that changing each value in the list containing copies of your actual variables does not actually change the original variable’s values. To get a better understanding of this, you might consider looking up the difference between “pass by reference” and “pass by value”.
For this particular problem, I’d recommend placing the variables you want to be able to modify in a list to begin with, then iterating over that list rather than a list containing copies of those variables.
# Take the list of grade as input, assume list is not empty
def convertGrade(myGrades):
myResult = [] # List that store the new grade
for grade in myGrades:
gpa = (grade / 20) -1
# Depending on how many deciaml you want
gpa = round(gpa, 1)
myResult.append(gpa)
return myResult
# The list of grades, can be more than 5 if you want to
grades = [88.3, 93.6, 50.2, 70.2, 80.5]
convertedGrades = convertGrade(grades)
print(convertedGrades)
total = 0
# If you want the average of them
for grade in convertedGrades:
total += grade # add each grade into the total
average = total / len(convertedGrades)
print('Average GPA is:', average)
I think this might do what you want, this sort of things is quite simple, so python would expect you to write it yourself, I don’t know if you mean python should come with a GPA converter function, you can surely write one easily. If you want whole number only, (which I am not sure, since GPA usually comes with decimal point), then you can use int(), or round it to 0 before you append it.
output:
[3.4, 3.7, 1.5, 2.5, 3.0]
Average GPA is: 2.82
First rule: when dealing with a bunch of similar items, don’t use a bunch of named variables – use an array (list, set, dictionary, whatever makes the most sense).
Second rule: unless you are really pressed for space, don’t overwrite your variables this way – you are trying to make one label (the variable name) stand for two different things (raw mark and/or gpa). This makes debugging really nasty.
def get_marks():
marks = []
while True:
inp = raw_input("Type in the next mark (just hit <Enter> to quit): ")
try:
marks.append(float(inp))
except ValueError:
return marks
def gpa(mark):
if mark >= 90.0:
return 4.0
elif mark >= 80.0:
return 3.0
elif mark >= 70.0:
return 2.0
elif mark >= 60.0:
return 1.0
else:
return 0.0
def average(ls):
return sum(ls)/len(ls)
def main():
marks = get_marks()
grades = [gpa(mark) for mark in marks]
print("Average mark is {}".format(average(marks)))
print("Average grade is {}".format(average(grades)))
if __name__=="__main__":
main()