Can you use unix commands? I think using head -1 and tail -n 1 are probably the most efficient methods. Alternatively, you could use a simple fid.readline() to get the first line and fid.readlines()[-1], but that may take too much memory.

Getting the first line is trivially easy. For the last line, presuming you know an approximate upper bound on the line length, os.lseek some amount from SEEK_END find the second to last line ending and then readline() the last line.

Here’s a modified version of SilentGhost’s answer that will do what you want.

with open(fname, 'rb') as fh:
    first = next(fh)
    offs = -100
    while True:
        fh.seek(offs, 2)
        lines = fh.readlines()
        if len(lines)>1:
            last = lines[-1]
            break
        offs *= 2
    print first
    print last

No need for an upper bound for line length here.

To read both the first and final line of a file you could…

• open the file, …
• … read the first line using built-in readline(), …
• … seek (move the cursor) to the end of the file, …
• … step backwards until you encounter EOL (line break) and …
• … read the last line from there.

def readlastline(f):
    f.seek(-2, 2)              # Jump to the second last byte.
    while f.read(1) != b"n":  # Until EOL is found ...
        f.seek(-2, 1)          # ... jump back, over the read byte plus one more.
    return f.read()            # Read all data from this point on.
    
with open(file, "rb") as f:
    first = f.readline()
    last = readlastline(f)

Jump to the second last byte directly to prevent trailing newline characters to cause empty lines to be returned*.

The current offset is pushed ahead by one every time a byte is read so the stepping backwards is done two bytes at a time, past the recently read byte and the byte to read next.

The whence parameter passed to fseek(offset, whence=0) indicates that fseek should seek to a position offset bytes relative to…

• 0 or os.SEEK_SET = The beginning of the file.
• 1 or os.SEEK_CUR = The current position.
• 2 or os.SEEK_END = The end of the file.

* As would be expected as the default behavior of most applications, including print and echo, is to append one to every line written and has no effect on lines missing trailing newline character.

Efficiency

1-2 million lines each and I have to do this for several hundred files.

I timed this method and compared it against against the top answer.

10k iterations processing a file of 6k lines totalling 200kB: 1.62s vs 6.92s.
100 iterations processing a file of 6k lines totalling 1.3GB: 8.93s vs 86.95.

Millions of lines would increase the difference a lot more.

Exakt code used for timing:

with open(file, "rb") as f:
    first = f.readline()     # Read and store the first line.
    for last in f: pass      # Read all lines, keep final value.

Amendment

A more complex, and harder to read, variation to address comments and issues raised since.

• Return empty string when parsing empty file, raised by comment.
• Return all content when no delimiter is found, raised by comment.
• Avoid relative offsets to support text mode, raised by comment.
• UTF16/UTF32 hack, noted by comment.

Also adds support for multibyte delimiters, readlast(b'X<br>Y', b'<br>', fixed=False).

Please note that this variation is really slow for large files because of the non-relative offsets needed in text mode. Modify to your need, or do not use it at all as you’re probably better off using f.readlines()[-1] with files opened in text mode.

#!/bin/python3

from os import SEEK_END

def readlast(f, sep, fixed=True):
    r"""Read the last segment from a file-like object.

    :param f: File to read last line from.
    :type  f: file-like object
    :param sep: Segment separator (delimiter).
    :type  sep: bytes, str
    :param fixed: Treat data in ``f`` as a chain of fixed size blocks.
    :type  fixed: bool
    :returns: Last line of file.
    :rtype: bytes, str
    """
    bs   = len(sep)
    step = bs if fixed else 1
    if not bs:
        raise ValueError("Zero-length separator.")
    try:
        o = f.seek(0, SEEK_END)
        o = f.seek(o-bs-step)    # - Ignore trailing delimiter 'sep'.
        while f.read(bs) != sep: # - Until reaching 'sep': Read sep-sized block
            o = f.seek(o-step)   #  and then seek to the block to read next.
    except (OSError,ValueError): # - Beginning of file reached.
        f.seek(0)
    return f.read()

def test_readlast():
    from io import BytesIO, StringIO
    
    # Text mode.
    f = StringIO("firstnlastn")
    assert readlast(f, "n") == "lastn"
    
    # Bytes.
    f = BytesIO(b'first|last')
    assert readlast(f, b'|') == b'last'
    
    # Bytes, UTF-8.
    f = BytesIO("XnYn".encode("utf-8"))
    assert readlast(f, b'n').decode() == "Yn"
    
    # Bytes, UTF-16.
    f = BytesIO("XnYn".encode("utf-16"))
    assert readlast(f, b'nx00').decode('utf-16') == "Yn"
  
    # Bytes, UTF-32.
    f = BytesIO("XnYn".encode("utf-32"))
    assert readlast(f, b'nx00x00x00').decode('utf-32') == "Yn"
    
    # Multichar delimiter.
    f = StringIO("X<br>Y")
    assert readlast(f, "<br>", fixed=False) == "Y"
    
    # Make sure you use the correct delimiters.
    seps = { 'utf8': b'n', 'utf16': b'nx00', 'utf32': b'nx00x00x00' }
    assert "n".encode('utf8' )     == seps['utf8']
    assert "n".encode('utf16')[2:] == seps['utf16']
    assert "n".encode('utf32')[4:] == seps['utf32']
    
    # Edge cases.
    edges = (
        # Text , Match
        (""    , ""  ), # Empty file, empty string.
        ("X"   , "X" ), # No delimiter, full content.
        ("n"  , "n"),
        ("nn", "n"),
        # UTF16/32 encoded U+270A (b"nx00n'nx00"/utf16)
        (b'nxe2x9cx8an'.decode(), b'xe2x9cx8an'.decode()),
    )
    for txt, match in edges:
        for enc,sep in seps.items():
            assert readlast(BytesIO(txt.encode(enc)), sep).decode(enc) == match

if __name__ == "__main__":
    import sys
    for path in sys.argv[1:]:
        with open(path) as f:
            print(f.readline()    , end="")
            print(readlast(f,"n"), end="")

First open the file in read mode.Then use readlines() method to read line by line.All the lines stored in a list.Now you can use list slices to get first and last lines of the file.

    a=open('file.txt','rb')
    lines = a.readlines()
    if lines:
        first_line = lines[:1]
        last_line = lines[-1]

w=open(file.txt, 'r')
print ('first line is : ',w.readline())
for line in w:  
    x= line
print ('last line is : ',x)
w.close()

The for loop runs through the lines and x gets the last line on the final iteration.

with open("myfile.txt") as f:
    lines = f.readlines()
    first_row = lines[0]
    print first_row
    last_row = lines[-1]
    print last_row

This is my solution, compatible also with Python3. It does also manage border cases, but it misses utf-16 support:

def tail(filepath):
    """
    @author Marco Sulla ([email protected])
    @date May 31, 2016
    """

    try:
        filepath.is_file
        fp = str(filepath)
    except AttributeError:
        fp = filepath

    with open(fp, "rb") as f:
        size = os.stat(fp).st_size
        start_pos = 0 if size - 1 < 0 else size - 1

        if start_pos != 0:
            f.seek(start_pos)
            char = f.read(1)

            if char == b"n":
                start_pos -= 1
                f.seek(start_pos)

            if start_pos == 0:
                f.seek(start_pos)
            else:
                char = ""

                for pos in range(start_pos, -1, -1):
                    f.seek(pos)

                    char = f.read(1)

                    if char == b"n":
                        break

        return f.readline()

It’s ispired by Trasp’s answer and AnotherParker’s comment.

Here is an extension of @Trasp’s answer that has additional logic for handling the corner case of a file that has only one line. It may be useful to handle this case if you repeatedly want to read the last line of a file that is continuously being updated. Without this, if you try to grab the last line of a file that has just been created and has only one line, IOError: [Errno 22] Invalid argument will be raised.

def tail(filepath):
    with open(filepath, "rb") as f:
        first = f.readline()      # Read the first line.
        f.seek(-2, 2)             # Jump to the second last byte.
        while f.read(1) != b"n": # Until EOL is found...
            try:
                f.seek(-2, 1)     # ...jump back the read byte plus one more.
            except IOError:
                f.seek(-1, 1)
                if f.tell() == 0:
                    break
        last = f.readline()       # Read last line.
    return last

Nobody mentioned using reversed:

f=open(file,"r")
r=reversed(f.readlines())
last_line_of_file = r.next()

with open(filename, "rb") as f:#Needs to be in binary mode for the seek from the end to work
    first = f.readline()
    if f.read(1) == '':
        return first
    f.seek(-2, 2)  # Jump to the second last byte.
    while f.read(1) != b"n":  # Until EOL is found...
        f.seek(-2, 1)  # ...jump back the read byte plus one more.
    last = f.readline()  # Read last line.
    return last

The above answer is a modified version of the above answers which handles the case that there is only one line in the file