Python rounding with Decimal module to specified decimal places
Question:
Question: How could I make Python’s Decimal module round to a specified decimal place instead of rounding to a specified precision (significant figure) while evaluating an arithmetic operation?
Info
I have been using the Decimal module in Python to round values to a specified precision using the setcontext method. This works well until we start crossing whole numbers and decimals because significant figures do not differentiate between the two.
import decimal as d
from math import pi
decimal_places = 0
d.setcontext(d.Context(prec=decimal_places+1, rounding=d.ROUND_HALF_UP))
# This works fine
num = pi
print(f"Rounding {num} to {decimal_places} decimal places:")
print(f"Traditional rounding (correct): {round(num, decimal_places)}")
print(f"Decimal rounding (correct): {+d.Decimal(num)}")
# This is were issues start to arise
num = pi/10
print(f"nRounding {num} to {decimal_places} decimal places:")
print(f"Traditional rounding (correct): {round(num, decimal_places)}")
print(f"Decimal rounding (incorrect): {+d.Decimal(num)}")
Rounding 3.141592653589793 to 0 decimal places:
Traditional rounding (correct): 3.0
Decimal rounding (correct): 3
Rounding 0.3141592653589793 to 0 decimal places:
Traditional rounding (correct): 0.0
Decimal rounding (incorrect): 0.3
Use case
Why even use the decimal module over Python’s round function? Well the advantage of the decimal module is that it would apply that precision cap in all steps of arithmetic evaluation (PEMDAS).
For example if I wanted to round x as it gets evaluated in the function I could just do:
function_str = "0.5 * (3*x) ** 2 + 3"
eval(function_str.replace("x", "(+d.Decimal(x))"))
A more complete (and simpler) example:
import decimal as d
decimal_places = 0
d.setcontext(d.Context(prec=decimal_places+1, rounding=d.ROUND_HALF_UP))
numerator = 5
denominator = 1.1
num_err = 0.5
new_num = numerator + num_err
print(f"Rounding {numerator}/{denominator} to {decimal_places} decimal places:")
print(f"Traditional rounding (incorrect): {round(new_num, decimal_places)/denominator}")
print(f"Decimal rounding (correct): {+d.Decimal(new_num) / d.Decimal(denominator)}")
Rounding 5/1.1 to 0 decimal places:
Traditional rounding (incorrect): 5.454545454545454
Decimal rounding (correct): 5
It may still seem like round would be a simpler solution here as it could just be placed around the output, but as the complexity of the function increases the less and less viable this becomes. In cases were the user enters the function the viability of traditional rounding is practically zero while using the decimal module is as simple as function_str.replace("x", "(+d.Decimal(x))").
Note that the quantize method will not be a viable option as it only rounds the current number instead of everything (which is what setting the context precision does).
Answers:
To solve this I ended up just making my own fixed-point arithmetic library. To help out anyone else who runs into this problem in the future I posted the code for my fixed-point arithmetic library below.
import math
PREC = 0
def no_rounding(x, *args, **kwargs):
return x
def ceil(x, prec=0):
mult = 10 ** prec
return round(math.ceil(x * mult) / mult, prec)
def floor(x, prec=0):
mult = 10 ** prec
return round(math.floor(x * mult) / mult, prec)
rounding = {
None: no_rounding,
"round": round,
"ceil": ceil,
"floor": floor,
}
class Fixed:
def __init__(self, number, round_function="round", custom_prec=None):
self.val = float(number)
self.round_str = round_function
self.round_func = rounding[round_function]
self.custom_prec = custom_prec
def _dup_fixed(self, number):
return Fixed(number, self.round_str, self.custom_prec)
def _operation(self, op):
return self._dup_fixed(self.round_func(op, self.prec))
@property
def prec(self):
return int(self.custom_prec if self.custom_prec is not None else PREC)
@property
def num(self):
return self.round_func(self.val, self.prec)
@property
def real(self):
return self
@property
def imag(self):
return Fixed(0)
def __setattr__(self, name, value):
if name == "val":
value = float(value)
self.__dict__[name] = value
def __hash__(self):
return hash(self.num)
def __str__(self):
return str(self.num)
__repr__ = __str__
def __format__(self, spec):
if spec == "":
return str(self)
else:
return spec % self.num
def __reduce__(self):
return (self.__class__, (self.val,))
def __copy__(self):
return self.__class__(self.val)
def __deepcopy__(self, memo):
return self.__copy__()
def __pos__(self):
return self
def __neg__(self):
return self._dup_fixed(-self.val)
def __abs__(self):
return self._dup_fixed(abs(self.val))
def __round__(self, n=None):
return self._dup_fixed(round(self.val, n))
def __floor__(self):
return self._dup_fixed(math.floor(self.val))
def __ceil__(self):
return self._dup_fixed(math.ceil(self.val))
def __int__(self):
return int(self.num)
def __trunc__(self):
return math.trunc(self.num)
def __float__(self):
return float(self.num)
def __complex__(self):
return complex(self.num)
def conjugate(self):
return self
def __eq__(self, other):
return self.num == float(other)
def __ne__(self, other):
return not self == float(other)
def __gt__(self, other):
return self.num > float(other)
def __ge__(self, other):
return self.num >= float(other)
def __lt__(self, other):
return self.num < float(other)
def __le__(self, other):
return self.num <= float(other)
def __bool__(self):
return self.num != 0
def __add__(self, other):
return self._operation(self.num + float(other))
__radd__ = __add__
def __sub__(self, other):
return self + -other
def __rsub__(self, other):
return -self + other
def __mul__(self, other):
return self._operation(self.num * float(other))
__rmul__ = __mul__
def __truediv__(self, other):
return self._operation(self.num / float(other))
def __rtruediv__(self, other):
return self._operation(float(other) / self.num)
def __floordiv__(self, other):
return self._operation(self.num // float(other))
def __rfloordiv__(self, other):
return self._operation(float(other) // self.num)
def __mod__(self, other):
return self._operation(self.num % float(other))
def __rmod__(self, other):
return self._operation(float(other) % self.num)
def __divmod__(self, other):
result = divmod(self.num, float(other))
return (self._operation(result[0]), self._operation(result[1]))
def __rdivmod__(self, other):
result = divmod(float(other), self.num)
return (self._operation(result[0]), self._operation(result[1]))
def __pow__(self, other):
return self._operation(self.num ** float(other))
def __rpow__(self, other):
return self._operation(float(other) ** self.num)
Let me know in the comments if you found any bugs or problems and I will be sure to update my answer.
Usage
A fixed number is created by passing the number to the Fixed function. This fixed number can then be treated similarly to a normal number.
import fixed_point as fp # Import file
num = 1.6
fixed_num = fp.Fixed(num) # Default precision is 0
print("Original number:", num)
print("Fixed number:", fixed_num)
print("Fixed number value multiplied by original number:", fixed_num.val * num)
print("Fixed number multiplied by original number:", fixed_num * num)
print("Fixed number multiplied by itself:", fixed_num * fixed_num)
Original number: 1.6
Fixed number: 2.0
Fixed number value multiplied by original number: 2.56
Fixed number multiplied by original number: 3.0
Fixed number multiplied by itself: 4.0
To set the global precision the PREC variable can be modified which will not only alter the precision (number of decimal places) of all new fixed precision numbers but also the existing ones. The precision of a specific fixed number can also be set during creation.
num = 3.14159
fixed_num = fp.Fixed(num)
custom_prec_num = fp.Fixed(num, custom_prec=4)
print("Original number:", num)
print("Fixed number (default precision):", fixed_num)
print("Custom precision fixed number (4 decimals):", custom_prec_num)
fp.PREC = 2 # Update global precision
print("nGlobal precision updated to", fp.PREC)
print("Fixed number (new precision):", fixed_num)
print("Custom precision fixed number (4 decimals):", custom_prec_num)
Original number: 3.14159
Fixed number (default precision): 3.0
Custom precision fixed number (4 decimals): 3.1416
Global precision updated to 2
Fixed number (new precision): 3.14
Custom precision fixed number (4 decimals): 3.1416
Note that getting the original value of a fixed number can only be done with fixed_num.val using float(fixed_num) will return the fixed number rounded to the specified number of decimal places (unless rounding is none).
To round a number to two decimal places in Python, you can use the "round()" function. Here is an example:
x = 3.14159
y = round(x, 2)
print(y) # Output: 3.14
The "round()" function takes two arguments: the number to round (in this case x), and the number of decimal places to round to (in this case 2). The function will return the rounded number as a float.
You can also use the "format()" function to round a number to a specific number of decimal places. Here is an example:
x = 3.14159
y = format(x, '.2f')
print(y) # Output: 3.14
The format() function takes two arguments: the number to round (in this case x), and a string that specifies the format of the output (in this case ‘.2f’, which stands for "two decimal places as a float"). The function will return the rounded number as a string.
Question: How could I make Python’s Decimal module round to a specified decimal place instead of rounding to a specified precision (significant figure) while evaluating an arithmetic operation?
Info
I have been using the Decimal module in Python to round values to a specified precision using the setcontext method. This works well until we start crossing whole numbers and decimals because significant figures do not differentiate between the two.
import decimal as d
from math import pi
decimal_places = 0
d.setcontext(d.Context(prec=decimal_places+1, rounding=d.ROUND_HALF_UP))
# This works fine
num = pi
print(f"Rounding {num} to {decimal_places} decimal places:")
print(f"Traditional rounding (correct): {round(num, decimal_places)}")
print(f"Decimal rounding (correct): {+d.Decimal(num)}")
# This is were issues start to arise
num = pi/10
print(f"nRounding {num} to {decimal_places} decimal places:")
print(f"Traditional rounding (correct): {round(num, decimal_places)}")
print(f"Decimal rounding (incorrect): {+d.Decimal(num)}")
Rounding 3.141592653589793 to 0 decimal places:
Traditional rounding (correct): 3.0
Decimal rounding (correct): 3
Rounding 0.3141592653589793 to 0 decimal places:
Traditional rounding (correct): 0.0
Decimal rounding (incorrect): 0.3
Use case
Why even use the decimal module over Python’s round function? Well the advantage of the decimal module is that it would apply that precision cap in all steps of arithmetic evaluation (PEMDAS).
For example if I wanted to round x as it gets evaluated in the function I could just do:
function_str = "0.5 * (3*x) ** 2 + 3"
eval(function_str.replace("x", "(+d.Decimal(x))"))
A more complete (and simpler) example:
import decimal as d
decimal_places = 0
d.setcontext(d.Context(prec=decimal_places+1, rounding=d.ROUND_HALF_UP))
numerator = 5
denominator = 1.1
num_err = 0.5
new_num = numerator + num_err
print(f"Rounding {numerator}/{denominator} to {decimal_places} decimal places:")
print(f"Traditional rounding (incorrect): {round(new_num, decimal_places)/denominator}")
print(f"Decimal rounding (correct): {+d.Decimal(new_num) / d.Decimal(denominator)}")
Rounding 5/1.1 to 0 decimal places:
Traditional rounding (incorrect): 5.454545454545454
Decimal rounding (correct): 5
It may still seem like round would be a simpler solution here as it could just be placed around the output, but as the complexity of the function increases the less and less viable this becomes. In cases were the user enters the function the viability of traditional rounding is practically zero while using the decimal module is as simple as function_str.replace("x", "(+d.Decimal(x))").
Note that the quantize method will not be a viable option as it only rounds the current number instead of everything (which is what setting the context precision does).
To solve this I ended up just making my own fixed-point arithmetic library. To help out anyone else who runs into this problem in the future I posted the code for my fixed-point arithmetic library below.
import math
PREC = 0
def no_rounding(x, *args, **kwargs):
return x
def ceil(x, prec=0):
mult = 10 ** prec
return round(math.ceil(x * mult) / mult, prec)
def floor(x, prec=0):
mult = 10 ** prec
return round(math.floor(x * mult) / mult, prec)
rounding = {
None: no_rounding,
"round": round,
"ceil": ceil,
"floor": floor,
}
class Fixed:
def __init__(self, number, round_function="round", custom_prec=None):
self.val = float(number)
self.round_str = round_function
self.round_func = rounding[round_function]
self.custom_prec = custom_prec
def _dup_fixed(self, number):
return Fixed(number, self.round_str, self.custom_prec)
def _operation(self, op):
return self._dup_fixed(self.round_func(op, self.prec))
@property
def prec(self):
return int(self.custom_prec if self.custom_prec is not None else PREC)
@property
def num(self):
return self.round_func(self.val, self.prec)
@property
def real(self):
return self
@property
def imag(self):
return Fixed(0)
def __setattr__(self, name, value):
if name == "val":
value = float(value)
self.__dict__[name] = value
def __hash__(self):
return hash(self.num)
def __str__(self):
return str(self.num)
__repr__ = __str__
def __format__(self, spec):
if spec == "":
return str(self)
else:
return spec % self.num
def __reduce__(self):
return (self.__class__, (self.val,))
def __copy__(self):
return self.__class__(self.val)
def __deepcopy__(self, memo):
return self.__copy__()
def __pos__(self):
return self
def __neg__(self):
return self._dup_fixed(-self.val)
def __abs__(self):
return self._dup_fixed(abs(self.val))
def __round__(self, n=None):
return self._dup_fixed(round(self.val, n))
def __floor__(self):
return self._dup_fixed(math.floor(self.val))
def __ceil__(self):
return self._dup_fixed(math.ceil(self.val))
def __int__(self):
return int(self.num)
def __trunc__(self):
return math.trunc(self.num)
def __float__(self):
return float(self.num)
def __complex__(self):
return complex(self.num)
def conjugate(self):
return self
def __eq__(self, other):
return self.num == float(other)
def __ne__(self, other):
return not self == float(other)
def __gt__(self, other):
return self.num > float(other)
def __ge__(self, other):
return self.num >= float(other)
def __lt__(self, other):
return self.num < float(other)
def __le__(self, other):
return self.num <= float(other)
def __bool__(self):
return self.num != 0
def __add__(self, other):
return self._operation(self.num + float(other))
__radd__ = __add__
def __sub__(self, other):
return self + -other
def __rsub__(self, other):
return -self + other
def __mul__(self, other):
return self._operation(self.num * float(other))
__rmul__ = __mul__
def __truediv__(self, other):
return self._operation(self.num / float(other))
def __rtruediv__(self, other):
return self._operation(float(other) / self.num)
def __floordiv__(self, other):
return self._operation(self.num // float(other))
def __rfloordiv__(self, other):
return self._operation(float(other) // self.num)
def __mod__(self, other):
return self._operation(self.num % float(other))
def __rmod__(self, other):
return self._operation(float(other) % self.num)
def __divmod__(self, other):
result = divmod(self.num, float(other))
return (self._operation(result[0]), self._operation(result[1]))
def __rdivmod__(self, other):
result = divmod(float(other), self.num)
return (self._operation(result[0]), self._operation(result[1]))
def __pow__(self, other):
return self._operation(self.num ** float(other))
def __rpow__(self, other):
return self._operation(float(other) ** self.num)
Let me know in the comments if you found any bugs or problems and I will be sure to update my answer.
Usage
A fixed number is created by passing the number to the Fixed function. This fixed number can then be treated similarly to a normal number.
import fixed_point as fp # Import file
num = 1.6
fixed_num = fp.Fixed(num) # Default precision is 0
print("Original number:", num)
print("Fixed number:", fixed_num)
print("Fixed number value multiplied by original number:", fixed_num.val * num)
print("Fixed number multiplied by original number:", fixed_num * num)
print("Fixed number multiplied by itself:", fixed_num * fixed_num)
Original number: 1.6
Fixed number: 2.0
Fixed number value multiplied by original number: 2.56
Fixed number multiplied by original number: 3.0
Fixed number multiplied by itself: 4.0
To set the global precision the PREC variable can be modified which will not only alter the precision (number of decimal places) of all new fixed precision numbers but also the existing ones. The precision of a specific fixed number can also be set during creation.
num = 3.14159
fixed_num = fp.Fixed(num)
custom_prec_num = fp.Fixed(num, custom_prec=4)
print("Original number:", num)
print("Fixed number (default precision):", fixed_num)
print("Custom precision fixed number (4 decimals):", custom_prec_num)
fp.PREC = 2 # Update global precision
print("nGlobal precision updated to", fp.PREC)
print("Fixed number (new precision):", fixed_num)
print("Custom precision fixed number (4 decimals):", custom_prec_num)
Original number: 3.14159
Fixed number (default precision): 3.0
Custom precision fixed number (4 decimals): 3.1416
Global precision updated to 2
Fixed number (new precision): 3.14
Custom precision fixed number (4 decimals): 3.1416
Note that getting the original value of a fixed number can only be done with fixed_num.val using float(fixed_num) will return the fixed number rounded to the specified number of decimal places (unless rounding is none).
To round a number to two decimal places in Python, you can use the "round()" function. Here is an example:
x = 3.14159
y = round(x, 2)
print(y) # Output: 3.14
The "round()" function takes two arguments: the number to round (in this case x), and the number of decimal places to round to (in this case 2). The function will return the rounded number as a float.
You can also use the "format()" function to round a number to a specific number of decimal places. Here is an example:
x = 3.14159
y = format(x, '.2f')
print(y) # Output: 3.14
The format() function takes two arguments: the number to round (in this case x), and a string that specifies the format of the output (in this case ‘.2f’, which stands for "two decimal places as a float"). The function will return the rounded number as a string.